The first step for evolutionary studies is usually to establish a hypothesis of relationships between members of the study group. After this, there is a wide range of possibilities depending on the researcher's interest. This contribution presents the generalities of some of the methodologies most commonly used in macroevolutionary studies: the molecular clock and the reconstruction of ancestral characters. Information on other useful techniques for comparative studies that use a phylogenetic framework is also presented, such as phylogenetic signal estimation, independent contrasts, orthonormal decomposition, and phylogenetic principal component analysis.
Resúmen
El primer paso para los estudios evolutivos suele ser establecer una hipótesis de relaciones entre los miembros del grupo de estudio. Luego de esto hay una amplia gama de posibilidades, según el interés del investigador. Esta contribución presenta las generalidades de algunas de las metodologías más utilizadas en los estudios macroevolutivos: el reloj molecular y la reconstrucción de caracteres ancestrales. También se ofrece información sobre otras técnicas útiles para estudios comparados que utilizan un marco de trabajo filogenético, como son la estimación de señal filogenética, los contrastes independientes, la descomposición ortonormal y el análisis de componentes principales filogenético.
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