Any research in biology is an exercise of comparison that includes the study of evolution. The investigation of evolutionary patterns in either of its two approaches (micro or macroevolutionary) raises methodological challenges for any researcher interested in these topics. These approaches have a common interest in understanding the origin the relationships between the studied organisms, although the temporal scales and the level of organization in which they focus are different. Currently, phylogenies are the most robust tool to explain ancestor-descendant relationships between a set of organisms. These diagrams, which are two-dimensional (cladograms) or multidimensional (networks), can be estimated with different approximations (maximum parsimony, máximum likelihood, and bayesian inference) according to the data available and the purpose of the investigation. This review presents an introduction to the methods available for the construction of phylogenies, including the traditional perspective that uses diagrams based on dichotomies and the new trends that try to visualize more complex patterns through evolutionary networks.
Resúmen
Cualquier investigación en biología es un ejercicio de comparación y eso incluye el estudio de la evolución. La indagación de patrones evolutivos en cualquiera de sus dos enfoques (micro o macroevolutivo) establece retos metodológicos para cualquier persona interesada en estos temas. Dichos enfoques tienen el interés común de comprender el origen de las relaciones de parentesco entre los organismos estudiados, aunque las escalas temporales y el nivel de organización en el que se concentran son diferentes. Actualmente, las filogenias son la herramienta más robusta para elucidar las hipótesis de relaciones ancestro-descendiente entre un conjunto de organismos. Estas representaciones consisten en proyecciones diagramáticas bidimensionales (cladogramas) o multidimensionales (redes) que pueden ser estimadas con diferentes aproximaciones (máxima parsimonia, máxima verosimilitud e inferencia bayesiana), según los datos disponibles y el propósito de la investigación. En esta revisión se presenta una introducción a los métodos disponibles para la construcción de filogenias, incluyendo la perspectiva tradicional que utiliza diagramas basados en dicotomías y las nuevas tendencias que tratan de visualizar patrones más complejos a través de redes evolutivas.
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