Aerobic living systems use oxygen (O2) for energy production. However, O2 can become toxic due to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS have complex cell signaling functions, but under an uncontrolled increase in their production, oxidative stress (OS) results, which can cause damage to cellular structures (lipids, proteins, nucleic acids). Faced with an oxidative attack, the cell must establish a rapid and efficient antioxidant response to prevent or remove damage to a target molecule. Thus, cells possess an antioxidant system that allows them to modulate ROS levels and achieve redox homeostasis. This article reviews and discusses the basic concepts regarding ROS and antioxidant defenses.
Resúmen
Los organismos vivos aeróbicos utilizan el oxígeno (O2) para la producción de energía. Sin embargo, el O2 puede llegar a ser tóxico debido a la producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ERO). Las ERO tienen complejas funciones de señalización celular, pero cuando hay un aumento descontrolado de su producción da como resultado el estrés oxidante(EO) que puede conducir a daño a las estructuras celulares (lípidos, proteínas y ácidos nucleicos). Las células también poseen un sistema antioxidante que les permite modular los niveles de ERO y alcanzar la homeostasis redox. Ante una agresión oxidante la célula debe establecer una respuesta antioxidante rápida y eficiente para prevenir o remover el daño a una molécula blanco. En este artículo se revisan y discuten los conceptos básicos referentes a las ERO y las defensas antioxidantes.
Ene | Feb | Mar | Abr | May | Jun | Jul | Ago | Sept | Oct | Nov | Dic |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 17 | 30 | 27 | 15 |
Ene | Feb | Mar | Abr | May | Jun | Jul | Ago | Sept | Oct | Nov | Dic |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 | 18 | 40 | 16 | 37 | 42 | 24 | 30 | 34 | 39 | 37 | 38 |
Ene | Feb | Mar | Abr | May | Jun | Jul | Ago | Sept | Oct | Nov | Dic |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
35 | 31 | 55 | 61 | 21 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Halliwell, B. & Gutteridge, M. (2015) Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine.5 Ed. Nueva York: Oxford University Press 1-77. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198717478.001.0001
Santos-Buelga, C., González-Paramás, A. M., Oludemi, T., Ayuda-Durán, B., & González-Manzano, S. (2019). Chapter Four—Plant phenolics as functional food ingredients. En I. C. F. R. Ferreira & L. Barros (Eds.), Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, Vol. 90 (pp. 183-257). Academic Press. DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2019.02.012
Shacter, E. (2000). Protein oxidative damage. En Lester Packer, Helmut Sies (Editor). Methods in Enzymology. Singlet Oxygen, UVA and ozone, Vol 319 (pp. 428-436). Academic Pres. Elsevier. DOI:10.1016/S00766879(00)19040-8
Alam, M.S., & Czajkowsky, D.M. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 infection and oxidative stress: Pathophysiological insight into thrombosis and therapeutic opportunities. Cytokine & growth factor reviews, S1359- 6101(21)00080-0. Advance online publication. DOI: 2443/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.11.001
Aratani, Y. (2018). Myeloperoxidase: Its role for host defense, inflammation, and neutrophil function. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 640, 47-52. DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.01.004
Bayr, H. (2005). Reactive oxygen species. Critical Care Medicine, 33(12), S498. DOI: 10.1097/01. CCM.0000186787.64500.12
Bardaweel, S.K., Gul, M., Alzweiri, M., Ishaqat, A., ALSalamat, H.A., Bashatwah, R.M. (2018). Reactive Oxygen Species: the Dual Role in Physiological and Pathological Conditions of the Human Body. The Eurasian Journal of Medicine, 50(3), 193-201. DOI: 10.5152/eurasianjmed.2018.17397.
Blaner, W. S., Shmarakov, I. O., Traber, M. G. (2021) Vitamin A and Vitamin E: Will the Real Antioxidant Please Stand Up? Annual Review of Nutrition Oct 11;41:105-131. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-082018-124228.
Buonocore, G., Perrone, S., & Tataranno, M.L. (2010). Oxygen toxicity: Chemistry and biology of reactive oxygen species. Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 15(4), 186-190. DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2010.04.003
Cabrera, C., Artacho, R., & Giménez, R. (2006). Beneficial Effects of Green Tea—A Review. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 25(2), 79-99. DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2006.10719518
Caillaud, C., Py, G., Eydoux, N., Legros, P., Prefaut, C., & Mercier, J. (1999). Antioxidants and mitochondrial respiration in lung, diaphragm, and locomotor muscles: Effect of exercise. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26(9), 1292-1299. DOI: 10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00342-6
Cárdenas-Rodríguez, N. & Pedraza-Chaverri, J. (2005) Especies reactivas de oxígeno y sistemas antioxidantes: aspectos básicos. Profesores al día (Biomedicina)
Carlsen, M. H., Halvorsen, B. L., Holte, K., Bøhn, S. K., Dragland, S., Sampson, L., Willey, C., Senoo, H., Umezono, Y., Sanada, C., Barikmo, I., Berhe, N., Willett, W. C., Phillips, K. M., Jacobs, D. R., & Blomhoff, R. (2010). The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutrition Journal, 9, 3. DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-9-3
Chao, M.R., Rossner, P., Haghdoost, S., Jeng, H.A., & Hu, C.W. (2013). Nucleic Acid Oxidation in Human Health and Disease. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2013, 368651. DOI: 10.1155/2013/368651
Cheeseman, K.H., & Slater, T.F. (1993). An introduction to free radical biochemistry. British Medical Bulletin, 49(3), 481-493. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072625
Daenen, K., Andries, A., Mekahli, D., Van Schepdael, A., Jouret, F., & Bammens, B. (2019). Oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 34(6), 975–991. DOI: 2443/10.1007/s00467-018-4005-4
Di Meo, S., & Venditti, P. (2020). Evolution of the Knowledge of Free Radicals and Other Oxidants. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020, e9829176. DOI: 10.1155/2020/9829176
Forman, H.J., Zhang, H. & Rinna, A. (2009) Glutathione: overview of its protective roles, measurement, and biosynthesis. Molecular Aspects of Medicine. Feb-Apr; 30(1-2):1-12. DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2008.08.006.
Fridovich, I. (2013). Oxygen: How Do We Stand It? Medical Principles and Practice, 22(2), 131-137. DOI: 10.1159/000339212
Havránková, R. (2020). Biological effects of ionizing radiation. Casopis Lekaru Ceskych, 159(7-8), 258- 260.
He, L., He, T, Farrar, S., Ji, L., Liu, T. & Ma, X. (2017) Antioxidants Maintain Cellular Redox Homeostasis by Elimination of Reactive Oxygen Species. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 44(2):532-553. DOI: 10.1159/000485089
Holmström, K.M., & Finkel, T. (2014). Cellular mechanisms and physiological consequences of redoxdependent signalling. Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology, 15(6), 411-421. DOI: 10.1038/nrm3801
Homma, T. & Fujii, J. (2020). Emerging connections between oxidative stress, defective proteolysis, and metabolic diseases. Free radical research, 54(11-12), 931–946. DOI: 2443/10.1080/10715762.2020.1734588
Islam M.T. (2017). Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction-linked neurodegenerative disorders. Neurological research, 39(1), 73–82. DOI: 2443/10.1080/01616412.2016.1251711
Jones, D.P. (2006). Redefining Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 8(9-10), 1865-1879. DOI: 10.1089/ars.2006.8.1865
Liu, J., Hefni, M. E., & Witthöft, C. M. (2020). Characterization of Flavonoid Compounds in Common Swedish Berry Species. Foods, 9(3), 358. DOI: 10.3390/foods9030358
Luo, J., Mills, K., le Cessie, S., Noordam, R., & van Heemst, D. (2020). Ageing, age-related diseases and oxidative stress: What to do next?. Ageing research reviews, 57, 100982. DOI: 2443/10.1016/j.arr.2019.100982
McKay, D. L., & Blumberg, J. B. (2002). The Role of Tea in Human Health: An Update. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 21(1), 1-13. DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2002.10719187
Milkovic, L., Cipak Gasparovic, A., Cindric, M., Mouthuy, P.A., Zarkovic, N. (2019). Short Overview of ROS as Cell Function Regulators and Their Implications in Therapy Concepts. Cells, 30;8(8), 793. DOI:10.3390/cells8080793.
Mittler R. (2017). ROS Are Good. Trends in Plant Science, 22 (1), 11-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.08.002.
Neha, K., Haider, M.R., Pathak, A. & Yar, M.S. (2019) Medicinal prospects of antioxidants: A review. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. Sep 15;178:687-704. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.010
Nordberg, J. & Arnér, E.S. (2001) Reactive oxygen species, antioxidants, and the mammalian thioredoxin system. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Dec 1;31(11):1287-312. DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(01)00724-9.
Palace, V. P., Khaper, N., Qin, Q., & Singal, P. K. (1999) Antioxidant potentials of vitamin A and carotenoids and their relevance to heart disease. Free Radical Biology and Medicine Mar;26(5-6):746-61. DOI:10.1016/s08915849(98)00266-4.
Pawlowska, E., Szczepanska, J., & Blasiak, J. (2019) Pro- and Antioxidant Effects of Vitamin C in Cancer in correspondence to Its Dietary and Pharmacological Concentrations. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity Dec 24;2019:7286737. DOI: 10.1155/2019/7286737.
Pham-Huy, L.A., He, H. & Pham-Huy, C. (2008). Free Radicals, Antioxidants in Disease and Health. International Journal of Biomedical Science: IJBS, 4(2), 89-96.
Pisoschi, A.M. & Pop, A. (2015) The role of antioxidants in the chemistry of oxidative stress: A review. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. Jun 5;97:55-74. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.04.040
Pisoschi, A.M., Pop, A., Iordache, F., Stanca, L., Predoi, G. & Serban, A.I. (2021) Oxidative stress mitigation by antioxidants - An overview on their chemistry and influences on health status. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. Jan 1;209:112891. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112891
Porras-Loaiza, A. P., & López-Malo, A. (2009). Importancia de los grupos fenólicos en los alimentos. Temas Selectos de Ingeniería de Alimentos, 3-1, 121-134.
Senoner, T. & Dichtl, W. (2019). Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases: Still a Therapeutic Target?. Nutrients, 11(9), 2090. DOI: 2443/10.3390/nu11092090
Sies, H., Berndt, C., & Jones, D.P. (2017). Oxidative Stress. Annual review of biochemistry, 86, 715-748.
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-061516-045037
Singh, R. B., Fedacko, J., Fatima, G., Magomedova, A., Watanabe, S., & Elkilany, G. (2022). Why and How theIndo-Mediterranean Diet May Be Superior to Other Diets: The Role of Antioxidants in the Diet. Nutrients,
14(4), 898. DOI: 10.3390/nu14040898
Turrens, J.F. (2003). Mitochondrial formation of reactive oxygen species. The Journal of Physiology, 552(2), 335-344. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.049478
Valko, M., Izakovic, M., Mazur, M., Rhodes, C.J. & Telser, J. (2004). Role of oxygen radicals in DNA damage and cancer incidence. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 266(1/2), 37-56. DOI: 10.1023/B:MCBI.0000049134.69131.89
Valko, M., Rhodes, C. J., Moncol, J., Izakovic, M., & Mazur, M. (2006) Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Chemico-biological Interactions. Mar 10;160(1):1-40. DOI:10.1016/j.cbi.2005.12.009.
Valko, M., Leibfritz, D., Moncol, J., Cronin, M.T.D., Mazur, M. & Telser, J. (2007). Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 39(1), 44-84. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.07.001
Zhang, J., Wang, X., Vikash, V., Ye, Q., Wu, D., Liu, Y. & Dong, W. (2016). ROS and ROS-Mediated Cellular Signaling. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2016, e4350965. DOI: 10.1155/2016/4350965
Zhou, W.C., Qu, J., Xie, S.Y., Sun, Y., & Yao, H.W. (2021). Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Chronic Respiratory Diseases: Implications for the Pathogenesis and Potential Therapeutics. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2021, 5188306. DOI: 2443/10.1155/2021/5188306